Infants have an immature immune system, and therefore are constantly at risk of suffering from the aggression of infectious agents. The only way to form reliable protection in the body of small patients against pathogens is routine vaccination, which allows you to prevent the most dangerous and even fatal diseases.
Indeed, most vaccinations are given in the first months of a baby’s life, some of them administered at the same time. Such vaccines include the controversial DTP and polio. Is such a measure safe enough? How does a child tolerate complex immunization, and what could be the consequences of such a procedure?
Simultaneous vaccination of DTP and polio - is there a danger?
Diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough are extremely dangerous infectious diseases for the baby’s health, which are difficult to tolerate, can lead to the most unpleasant consequences and are characterized by a high degree of mortality. That is why the national vaccination calendar includes DTP as an effective way to prevent these diseases. Along with it, children are recommended to receive an anti-polio vaccine, which allows them to create protection against the disease, which is manifested by febrile fever, paralysis of the limbs and their shortening in the future.
Is it possible to do these two vaccinations at the same time? This question interests many caring parents, because even the simplest monovaccine can provoke severe complications in a child. Doctors are reassuring about this. According to studies, side effects are not increased when vaccines are administered together compared to cases where the patient was immunized separately. Compliance with all vaccination rules, a thorough examination of the baby on the day of vaccination and proper preparation for the procedure help reduce the likelihood of developing unwanted reactions.
How many days does the temperature last after DPT and polio vaccination?
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Importance of vaccination
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Timing of vaccination
The first DTP vaccine is given to babies at the age of three months. According to the plan, it is combined with the introduction of inactivated polio vaccine. In total, during the first half of the year, the child is given such immunization three times (3, 4.5, 6 months). The interval between injections must be at least 1-1.5 months.
An important part of the formation of an immune response is timely revaccination. According to the plan, it begins 12 months after the third DTP vaccination with polio and, if followed, has the following form:
- 18 months – first revaccination (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus suspension);
- 20 months – administration of a polio suspension;
- 6 years – second revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria with ADS-M solution (pertussis component excluded);
- 14 years – 2nd revaccination, which allows you to form protection against polio infection.
When and how often is vaccination performed?
For the first time, the DTP vaccine and polio are administered in accordance with the calendar, at the age of 3 months. The second time the medicine is administered at 4.5 months. It is preferable to vaccinate the child with the same drug as for the first time, but you can replace it with another drug with the same content.
The third time, immunization with DTP and polio is performed when the baby is six months old. The time period after vaccination is about 1-1.5 months.
If the deadlines are not met, you need to take into account that the medicine is administered 3 times every 1.5 months. Revaccination is performed after a year. It is necessary to take into account compliance with the following terms: 18 and 20 months. At the age of 6-7 years, the next vaccination is ADS-M, which does not contain the pertussis component. At the age of 14, the next revaccination is carried out.
DTP is given to children 14 years old, then they need to use an imported drug. Children from 4 to 6 years old are given the ADS vaccine, when they turn 6 years old - ADS-M along with the drug DTP or its foreign analogues IPV.
How are vaccines tolerated by a child’s body?
Pediatricians warn that after vaccination with DTP and polio, the appearance of adverse reactions of the body is quite often observed, which occur during the first two days after the injection (fever, pain at the site of exposure, malaise). The most reactive in this regard are pertussis antigens, so it is often recommended to exclude them from the composition of immune suspensions.
After vaccination with the DPT vaccine together with an anti-polio oral suspension, a child may experience a number of pathological local reactions, in particular:
- redness;
- increase in local skin temperature;
- soft tissue swelling;
- the formation of a painful lump, which normally goes away after 3-4 days.
Among the common reactions from the baby’s body after vaccination are:
- increased body temperature up to 38-390 C (rarely an increase in temperature up to 400 C or more is recorded);
- loss of appetite and repeated refusal to eat food;
- the child's drowsy state, lethargy, lack of interest in what is happening around him;
- episodic vomiting and bowel dysfunction;
- anxiety and excessive irritability.
Fever is the most common pathological symptom after vaccination in young children. It is the body’s reaction to the introduction of a large number of antigens into it and is associated with the beginning of the production of specific antibodies to infections in the blood. As a rule, the elevated temperature does not last more than five days and after the specified period of time it normalizes on its own. If the temperature does not return to normal, but, on the contrary, continues to rise, the child must be immediately shown to a doctor and the reasons for the development of such ailment must be found out.
Complications after vaccination
In addition to side effects that go away on their own, after vaccination complications can be diagnosed that require immediate intervention by qualified specialists. Such reactions are incredibly rare, but they are still present in pediatric practice.
So, after DPT vaccination given together with OPV, a number of undesirable consequences may occur, including:
- convulsive syndrome, which often occurs against a background of elevated temperature, but may be a manifestation of damage to the central nervous system;
- allergic reactions to DPT and poliomyelitis, manifested by skin itching and rashes, as well as systemic hypersensitivity options, in particular angioedema and anaphylaxis;
- encephalopathy is a gross disruption of the functioning of the brain part of the central nervous system and multiple changes in the normal development of the child.
Possible complications and contraindications
Infrequently, after DTP, not just a side effect, but a complication occurs. Effects may include fever-induced seizures from the DTP vaccine and polio. An allergic reaction to the DPT vaccine can be either mild or serious, even in the form of Quincke's edema. In some cases, neurological disorders may occur that are provoked by the pertussis component. With an extremely low probability, after using a live vaccine, polio caused by the vaccine itself may become a complication.
Why is it impossible to vaccinate in some cases? Vaccination should be postponed in circumstances where the baby has a cold - his temperature rises, there are signs of acute respiratory infections. Strict contraindications to DTP include: individual intolerance to the ingredients of the drug or an allergy that manifested itself during the very first use of the drug.
How to help a child after vaccination?
To ensure that the negative consequences of the procedure are minimal, parents can alleviate the child’s condition themselves: lightly massage the injection site, apply a cooling compress, or use cream. Care and attention to the child’s well-being will help to respond in a timely manner to the body’s negative reaction.
Is it possible to prevent exacerbations in a child?
Changes in general health after vaccination can be prevented if you follow all medical recommendations and adhere to the prescribed rules for caring for a vaccinated child. Therefore, before vaccination, you should definitely undergo a detailed examination, measure body temperature, exclude the presence of catarrhal symptoms in the child, etc.
If the patient is prone to developing allergies, then the pediatrician will most likely advise giving him an antihistamine after the injection. Claritin in syrup is recognized as the most effective in this case, since it does not dry out the mucous membranes and does not provoke the addition of pathogenic flora at high temperatures. It is highly undesirable to give a child with allergies such drugs as Suprastin and Tavegil.
Sometimes on the first day after immunization, the temperature can rise to 400 C or higher. This pathological condition requires drug correction. If the temperature rises and the child begins to feel unwell, then he needs to be given an antipyretic drug, namely Paracetamol or Nurofen.
To avoid complications, doctors advise following the following recommendations:
- You cannot vaccinate a sweating child;
- Before the procedure, the patient must be offered to drink water;
- you should not give the injection if the child did not have stool the day before;
- one hour before vaccination you need to stop feeding;
- To avoid infection with viral infections, it is advisable not to visit public places with your child on the day of vaccination.
If everything is done correctly, then there is a real opportunity to prevent post-vaccination reactions and avoid the development of complex painful conditions.
What questions do parents often ask?
What to do if a child’s temperature begins to rise after DPT and OPV vaccines?
If the temperature does not exceed 380 C, then the child should be given Paracetamol in suppositories or Panadol syrup. At high temperatures, the patient is recommended to take Nurofen or Ibuprofen. If these agents do not show sufficient effectiveness, it is advisable to use Nimesulide in relation to temperature.
Is it possible to wet the injection site?
The injection site should not be wetted only on the first day after the procedure. This is necessary to prevent infection from entering the wound. Starting from the second day after immunization, the child can wash his hands, take baths and other water procedures.
When can you walk outside after vaccination?
Vaccinations are not an indication for refusing to walk in the fresh air. You should refrain from going outside only if your baby has a fever, looks lethargic, or is irritable.
What should be done if, after vaccination, there is a painful reaction in the area of the leg with swelling?
Such changes are a normal reaction to the DPT vaccine. They disappear without a trace 1-2 weeks after their appearance and do not require medication. In rare cases, bacterial flora attaches to the site of edema and a purulent abscess develops. If such symptoms occur, as well as an associated increase in temperature, the baby should be shown to surgeons.
Post-vaccination period
After the vaccination course, parents need to monitor the child’s condition for several days. To do this you should:
- measure your temperature throughout the week;
- use antihistamines for two days;
- Do not carry out water procedures for a couple of days due to the risk of complications.
It is also advisable after vaccination to avoid walking in crowded places, since among them there may be a carrier of a particular pathogen that is in a latent state. In addition, it is recommended to avoid going outside in cold and windy weather, so as not to provoke the development of a cold or ARVI.
If the temperature rises above 38 ̊ C after the child was vaccinated with DPT and polio at the same time, paracetamol-based suppositories can be used to alleviate the condition. It is also very important during this period to provide the baby with plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
Imported analogues
Despite all the positive qualities of domestic drugs, their foreign analogues are safer and hypoallergenic. Among the imported vaccine preparations, the most popular are:
- the French drug "Pentaxim", which allows you to significantly reduce the number of vaccinations, as it contains vaccines against major infections (measles, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria);
- the drug "Infanrix" of Belgian origin is a high-quality analogue of DTP that does not contain merthiolate, which is very easily tolerated by the body;
- the combination drug from France “Tetraxim” is an excellent alternative to the adsorbed vaccine and OPV.
Are there any contraindications?
If, at an appointment with a pediatrician, a fever, exacerbation of diathesis and catarrhal disorders are diagnosed, then the specialist decides to delay immunization until the patient recovers. Among the absolute contraindications to the use of immune drugs are:
- allergy to antibacterial drugs;
- the appearance of adverse reactions after the first injection;
- the presence of individual intolerance to components of drugs from the vaccine group;
The presence of contraindications must be taken into account before administering the vaccine. This will make it possible to avoid an increase in the likelihood of pathological reactions and prevent the baby from developing complications that are dangerous to its normal functioning.
